The Conceptual and Theoretical Fundamentals of Management Information Thesis

The Conceptual and Theoretical Fundamentals of Management Information in Public Procurement - Thesis Example Authoritative Preparedness 82 6.3. The board Information Cockpit and Its Impact on Public Administration Management 85 6.3. Effect of IM Cockpit to Administrative Performance, Efficiency, Effectiveness and Sustainability 88 6.4. Outline 90 Chapter 7 - Conclusion 91 7.1 Contributions of the Thesis 91 7.2 Implications of the Thesis 92 7.2.1 Implications for Theory 92 7.2.2 Implications for Public Administration Organizations and Information Technology 92 7.2.3 Implications for Future Researches 93 7.3 Limitations of the Thesis 94 7.4 Final Conclusion 94 Bibliography 95 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Private and open association (PPP) is an ongoing wonder that looks to breakdown the customary obstructions existing between the private and the open sector.1 PPP is a course of action wherein â€Å"public area bodies go into long haul authoritative understandings in which private gatherings partake in, or offer help for, the arrangement of framework, and a PPP venture brings about an agreement for a private element to convey open foundation based services.†2 Several types of exchanges have been built up inside the boundaries set by PPP and some of which are fabricate own â€operate, purchase construct work and others. In any case, paying little mind to the structure of the built up association what is essential is the method of reasoning behind the organization and that is to offer quality types of assistance to people in general with decline costs and insignificant dangers on the legislature. In such manner, the open private organization is outfitted towards making the social elements and instruments that will upgrade the working of the common society, in this way, set up a superior rendering of the open goods.3 However, the connection between the general population and the private are most certainly not... A few types of exchanges have been built up inside the boundaries set by PPP and some of which are assemble own â€operate, purchase fabricate work and others. In any case, paying little mind to the structure of the built up association what is fundamental is the reason behind the organization and that is to offer quality types of assistance to people in general with decline costs and negligible dangers on the administration. In such manner, the open private organization is outfitted towards making the social elements and components that will improve the working of the common society, in this manner, set up a superior rendering of the open products. Be that as it may, the connection between general society and the private are not simply changed by the marvel of PPP, it has additionally been re-formed by headways in innovation. Headways in data and PC innovation (ICT) have colossally influenced all parts of society incorporating the in which the administration render its administrations to the populace. Individuals currently request quality assistance from the administration, like the administrations given by the private division. ICT advancements have enhanced the idea of administration by demonstrating the vehicle wherein day in and day out client support is accessible to people in general. This improvement is a much needed development as it gives the scene where the legislature can arrive at the populace and the other way around whenever, anyplace.

Economics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial aspects Coursework - Essay Example Moderateness of the clients: As home loans have gotten less exorbitant, the reasonableness of a normal resident has hence picked up development. In addition, contracts are more promptly accessible than previously and hence a purchaser is bound to benefit himself an advance and increment his general arrangement of decisions. Hence bringing about an expansion in the interest move of the purchaser. (Neate, 2013) b. Downturn: The weights have twofold effect on the interest shifts. Not just it has diminished the buying intensity of a buyer however it has likewise removed numerous arrangements of decisions where an individual used to contribute. As downturn is near, the majority of the ventures are seen as less secure while these are additionally not expected to gain exceptional yields. In this manner, potential financial specialists, particularly the huge ones glance at lodging as a protected road for speculation as the profits that it procures are very steady while the capital increases are likewise a piece of the venture. This additionally impacts the interest bend to move on its right side and increment the general interest of the house possessing. (Neate, 2013) (O’sullivan, 2008) c. Crowd Sentiment: It will be noticed that the development of house costs has as of now grown out of the pace of development in the advances stretched out as home loans. Such just uncovers a point that the overall population is following the pattern. This can be because of reasons, for example, the dread of swelled home costs after the blast that these costs have gotten. In addition, its motivation may likewise be as those financial specialists who have looked it as a brilliant chance of capital increases and therefore making a counterfeit air pocket of cost swelling that will at some point or another burst out. (Rowley, 2013) d. Desires: As costs have flooded up so are the desires for the individuals. As proposed in an ongoing article, the expense of normal home may go up by 50 ,000 pounds over the span of the following multi year. Also, remembering the suppositions, the government’s late move to give intrigue let loose advance to 600,000 pounds has just moved the pattern further and have indeed offered raise to the requests of the majority. (Lambert, 2013) If we guide our consideration toward the elements that have may have affected the flexibly side of the UK’s house possessing wonder, the most significant factor that snatches has moved the gracefully bend incorporates the effect of fares whose disillusioning exhibition has affected the gracefully side of the previously mentioned marvel. From that point forward, the administration has concentrated increasingly more on flexibly side by empowering the development of more houses. In addition, the loan specialists have been too merciful towards purchasers as well as towards the dealers also, since by supporting them in financing their activities they are pushing the gracefully bend too, which f or this situation is toward its right. In an ongoing move, the administration propelled subsidizing plan which permitted banks to profit themselves economical financing that permitted the bringing down of the loan fees whose effects were additionally observed on the interest side. (Rowley, 2013) 2. As should be obvious in the table underneath that the benefits will increment to 40,000 pounds if the passage is diminished from 10 pounds to 8 pounds: Fare Demand Total Revenue New Cost Profit 8 6 480 440 40 10 4 400 410 - 10 12 3 360 400 - 40 (O’sullivan, 2008) a. The following are the counts required if there should be an occurrence of value elasticity’s of interest by the midpoint equation strategy just as rate change

SIPA Washington, D.C. Career Conference COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Washington, D.C. Career Conference COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Each year the SIPA Office of Career Services hosts a Career Fair in Washington, D.C. It is a two day event featuring panel discussions, a reception, and a day dedicated to informational interviews in the D.C. area. The Office of Alumni Affairs also is involved in planning the event and helps to ensure strong alumni participation. Dan Perez is a SIPA student that attended the event who volunteered to write about his experience. The Washington D.C. Career Conference was a superb event and was incredibly helpful for my ongoing internship search. The first day of the event was broken out into four different information sessions organized by career sector. I attended four sessions that day, including National Security, Consulting, Capitol Hill / Govt, and Research / Advocacy. In all four cases, the panels were well organized with alumni showing breadth of experience in those sectors. During each session, the alumni discussed their current positions, a bit about their time at SIPA and how the two were related. In all cases, they were very open about how SIPA had positively influenced their career prospects. Each session concluded with some spare time to approach the alumni individually, ask more specific questions and inquire about ongoing opportunities. The first day was capped by a reception held at the glamorous Four Seasons Hotel in the Georgetown neighborhood of D.C. With more than a hundred alumni in attendance, it provided opportunities for mingling both with new alumni and those at the earlier sessions. I followed up with an alumnus from Bearing Point from the session and asked him in-depth questions about the companys work and culture. I met younger alums only a year out of SIPA whom confessed of their longing to be back in New York City. I also talked with older alums who provided a great outlook on the D.C. job market and how great a time it was to enter government service. The second day of the conference provided time for scheduled informational interviews as well as previous site visits. I utilized the time to reach out to two alumni, one from my previous employer, the other from the Office of Management and Budget in the White House. In both cases, the alumni were very eager to chat about their careers as well as to catch up at current developments at SIPA. I left the conference very renewed in my job search.

Racism in Todays Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1448 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? Racism is such a big topic in our world it has always been a big problem, but as time progressed it has become worse with different cases of Hispanic families being separated at the border and children being thrown in â€Å"cages† and treated like animals. Young African American kids are getting shot for being wrongfully perceived as having a weapon. Police officers are just shooting first and asking questions later. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism in Todays Society" essay for you Create order Society is being filled with so many negative situations that a lot of people put off and do not deal with or address because we are all divided. It is such a sensitive topic because it is happening to certain races and it seems like they are being targeted. Racial profiling and racism is a common issue in minority families. There are so many stories over the years of people getting wrongfully shot for supposedly having a gun when in reality they did not have nothing, and most they obeyed the police but still lost their lives. False gun identification should not be taken lightly because the police are killing African American teens are getting away with a light sentence or even having no jail time. In The Atlantic an article written by Olga Khazan she states that, â€Å" In a year, over 57,375 people lost their life to police violence† (Khazan 1). In just a year so many people have died due to police shootings, that is including all the races. Police are starting to have a bad reputation because of the way they do their job. Such as shooting first and asking questions later which causes pain and heart break from the families that have lost a loved one from false accusations. Khazan states that African American males are more likely to get shot by police officers. She states, â€Å"According to se veral different studies, black men aged 15–34 are between nine and 16 times more likely to be killed by police than other people. In 2017, police killed 19 unarmed black males, down from 36 in 2015, according to The Washington Post† ( Khazan 2). This estimate is from 2017, imagine when 2018 is over and they would have done all the statistics for it. Most of the police that are shooting first and thinking later are getting little to no time in jail due to either the judge or the jury just not finding them guilty of their crime. We should be taking different precautions when it comes to arresting and shooting someone because they think they have a weapon. There are so many stories of wrongful deaths with police officers. When will people realize things should change? We should be figuring out solutions for this ongoing problem such as, going straight to your taser instead of going straight to your gun. Taser is a safer option and people would come out alive. In a recent event at a mall in Alabama there was a mall shooting. The night of Thanksgiving 2018 Semantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr an African American man was wrongfully shot by the police in the mall on the night of thanksgiving 2018. For being thought of as the active shooter for having a gun. An 18 year old boy and 12 year old girl were also shot due to the real gun man shooting them. In an article, Black Man Killed by Officer in Alabama Mall Shooting Was not the Gunman, Police Now Say by Mihir Zaveri went into detail on this tragic event. He stated, â€Å" the police said uniformed officers who were providing security at the mall â€Å"encountered a suspect brandishing a pistol and shot him. It was not clear whether the officers believed Mr. Bradford fired or intended to fire before he was killed† ( Zaveri 1). They did not even ask him to put the weapon down or put his hands up. It seems the police forgot the rights of a citizen, they are supposed to be saying. Where are th e head people that are incharge of the police because they need to be written up. Another source from a book, The Hate You Give by Angie Thomas based on a true story. Talks about a young African American girl and her best friend getting pulled over by a police officer and the cop makes him get out of the car and as the cop walks back to the car the boy reaches into the car to grab a brush as the girl is telling him not to. Then he gets shot right as he goes to brush his hair. He was claimed to have had a gun. â€Å"When I was twelve, my parents had two talks with me. One was the usual birds and beesThe other talk was about what to do if a cop stopped me. †¦ â€Å"Starr-Starr, you do whatever they tell you to do, he said. Keep your hands visible. Dont make any sudden moves. Only speak when they speak to you. ( Thomas 20). At twelve years old she had a talk about what to do if a cop stopped her because of the color of her skin. She had to start being fearful from the age twelve . At the age of twelve she learned how to try to keep herself safe around a cop because if she did not learn she could get hurt. Migrant people are struggling to stay alive in their country so they come to America to seek safety and hope, but in return they get separated from their children and tear gas thrown at them like animals. An article in the NBC News called San Diego Border Crossing Shut Down After Migrants Try To Enter The U.S. by Annie Rose Ramos and Tim Stelloh. They talk about the San Diego border being shut down due to migrants trying to cross the border and it getting out of hand. They state, â€Å"Customs and Border Protection said in a statement that it used tear gas and pepper spray after several migrants threw rocks at border agents, striking them† (Ramos and Stelloh 5). Border agents felt the need to bring tear gas in and start throwing it because they got hit with things. Adults could not handle things being thrown at them so they decided to tear gas and pepper spray families with children and elders in wheelchairs. Another article by Jorge Ramos, Children in Cages, a Symbol of Trump ’s America , talks about how migrant children are locked up in cages after being separated from their families at the border. The article also states, â€Å"Trump has already backed away from this cruel directive, which was carried out at the southern border during the first weeks of his administration’s â€Å"zero tolerance† immigration policy, but most of the 2,300 children taken from their families, most of whom come from Central American nations, have not yet been returned to their parents† ( Ramos 1). Trump is not building a good name for himself as every opportunity he has to help America improve he just ruins it and brings us lower. This kids that have done nothing wrong are being harassed and thrown into metal cages with water chips and a aluminum blanket with around 20 other different kids. If a parent was to do this it would be considered child abuse, but the government is doing this. In a video with a migrant mother trying to seek asylum at th e border got denied and had to seek asylum in Mexico. She was running away from a gang in El Salvador that tried to kill her son. She traveled 3,000 miles through 3 different countries. In the video she said, â€Å" We dont want to be deported, we want to work† ( Reyes). They want to start a better life for their families people claim they steal our jobs but they take the jobs that people do not want to do. If people want jobs they should get off their high horse and take those jobs then. They are hard working people and are coming here to start something new for their lives and their childrens lives. Racism is such a big part of our world and it seems like its so hard for people to get past it. It usually has to do with generations of families teaching it to each other. Around the world a lot of minorities face obstacles just because of the color of the skin. No matter what color or race you are we all discriminate and if we do not stop thinking like this our world will be more divided as time goes on. African American and Hispanic people face struggles everyday with dealing with racism these cases stated in this essay is what is going on right now in the world. Our world is never gonna heal from this is we do not start fixing this.

Roman Architecture Architecture And Structure - 1753 Words

Alecia Alexander Professor Ellin Iselin 419560 2010 Jun 09 Roman Architecture and Structure Roman architecture followed the heritage of earlier Greek architects. The Romans had respect for the Greek s architectural traditions, order, and design. The Romans were innovators that had the adaptability to use and improve existing techniques as well as new and existing material to create some of the most famous architectural structures like the temple, triumphal arch, and amphitheater. As time advanced so did the society needs of the Romans and with the support of state funds they were able to create great architectural structures many of which are still present today. The Romans followed the classical orders established by the Greeks but also†¦show more content†¦You can see this for example on the front of the Pantheon where its columns remain attached to the building even though they can be removed. Another great example of how the Romans wanted the structures to have a traditional feel is on the walls of the Colosseum, were the columns are attached to the walls and floors as decoration. You can also recognize the Greek influence on Roman architecture in buildings such as the Roman baths, where the first evidenced bath was located in Magna Garcia established by the Greek colonies. During the Augustan period there was a outpouring of new buildings that included the use of finer materials like marble. The buildings also advanced in design and size. In that time Roman buildings were considered strong and superior to any other architectural structure across the Empire. The Romans were able to take ideas such as bath structures, arches, and domes, push them to their fullest potential in design. Soon the Romans had major influence on craftsmen who integrated Roman architectural ideas and their use of materials. The Romans were known for their innovative use of materials and techniques. Marble was popular and considered the preferred stone to use in building projects. Taking into account how high transportation cost were during that time,

Gardner’s Theory on Seven Intelligences Free Essays

Gardner’s intelligence theory comes from a book he wrote and published titled Frames of Mind (1983). Gardner’s theory on the seven intelligences was quickly adapted by the educational and training fields to help educators and trainers to understand personalities, intelligence, and learning styles. This has enabled educators and trainers to narrow in on how to teach and grasp the attention of all their students and trainees. We will write a custom essay sample on Gardner’s Theory on Seven Intelligences or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whereas encouraging and motivating them by understanding how they learn and the best way to teach them. Gardner’s theories and concepts are aids to understanding overall personalities and strengths. These theories and concepts are all easily understood and can be incorporated into almost any educational or training situation, to better assist in the education and training process. Sometimes combining more than one intelligence helps in finding the best way to educate and train individuals all over the world. Linguistic Intelligence is the intelligence of language or words, when you learn by writing the information down, or when you absorb information my hearing words this is all a form of Linguistic Intelligence. When you form images in your mind when learning or you have to picture what is being taught in your head this is part of the Spatial Intelligence. When you learn by listening to music or if you absorb information better when music is playing this is the Musical Intelligence. Now when learning comes when you actually do what is being taught, hands on so to speak this is called the Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence. Interpersonal Intelligence is happening when a person can learn about a person or situation by the vibe they get from another person in the situation. Also when you learn better through interactions with others like group projects or having a study buddy this can be considered Interpersonal Intelligence. When you rely on self to learn, by understanding your own feelings and interest this is the Intrapersonal Intelligence. People that use Intrapersonal Intelligence are usually independent learners. Now with Logical Mathematical Intelligence you learn by patterns and reasoning, often needing facts to solve problems, also with learning things need to make sense or be logical. Out of the Seven Intelligence Theories produced by Howard Gardner I believe that Linguistic and Bodily- Kinesthetic are the two that are most dominate in my life. When I learn or am trying to absorb information. I have to hear the words and follow along with the written words when possible. So I download audio files of my text books and take good notes, and when I go over my notes I always read them out loud. As with the Bodily- Kinesthetic Intelligence, I see this come through when I write information that I am trying to learn this ties into my Linguistic Intelligence, because I not only need to see and hear my work, I have to physically write it down. The motion of the writing and picturing the words in my mind, I always find it easier to retain information. In studying Gardner’s theories on intelligences I have so much about helping myself to learn more effectively and efficiently. How to cite Gardner’s Theory on Seven Intelligences, Papers

Visual Flight Rules Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Differences Of Visual Flight Rules. Answer: Introduction Visual Flight Rules are used to protect pilots without instruments in the aircraft from accidents, flying too high or under unclear weather conditions (Bergqvist 2016). The rules are used when there are no clouds obstructing the aircraft thus; the pilot spends most of the time looking outside the aircraft therefore controlling the aircraft using visual aid or references and not instruments. It is common for VFR to be applied by private pilots when flying in clear and visible weather conditions. Instrument Flight Rules on the other hand (IFR) are commonly used by pilots in unclear weather conditions and require the aid of instruments to control the aircraft when flying. Pilots can use the IFR without any visual assistance or reference (Taylor 2007). A pilot flying under VFR may choose the path he wishes. It may be an easy straight line from the point of start to the ending point or destination and under Visual Metrological Conditions. When a pilot cannot meet the Visual Metrological C onditions under the VFR, a pilot with good skills will be sought to fly using IFR equipped airplane. Theoretically, a flight can be performed without any visibility from the beginning to the end of the flight by using IFR. VFR governs aircrafts in visual metrological conditions while IFR governs aircrafts in instrument metrological conditions. Unlike VFR, IFR requires higher level of training and understanding of the rules and procedures (Robson 2010). The pilot is more refined in skill in Instrument Flight Rules Visual Flight Rules. The procedure used in IFR is purely controlled by flight instruments where the pilot is directed by air traffic control to fly from one destination to another and land safely (Pearson 2003). The pilot controlling aircraft by VFR does not need traffic control to direct him. He simply uses his eyes to control the planes position in reference to the horizon. The pilot lands safely by VFR and the instruments are only used as backup. Differences of VFR and IFR The pilot manning the aircraft under the Visual Flight Rules needs to have good visibility to enable him to go into the fog or clouds. He will also require minimal apparatus in the aircraft unlike IFR where he will be required to use instruments to enable him operate under bad weather conditions (Mccoll 2006). The pilot using Visual Flight Rules does not need specialized training, he only needs basic training to enable him fly the aircraft. Neither does he need supervision when manning the aircraft which is needed under IFR from the air traffic control. The pilot under VFR may choose to have a flight plan which in most cases is optional and is only used when the pilot goes missing. Instrument Flight Rules require an air traffic controller to maintain the separation of an aircraft from others. A thorough flight plan must be prepared in advance and used by the air traffic controller throughout the flight while keeping in contact with the radio. The pilot will receive a squawk code when handing over from one air traffic controller to another while giving information on what course and level to fly. The pilot needs IFR ratings that require some training and must meet the standards for IFR before handling any flight. Challenges of IFR When using the Instrument Flight Rules under the instrument meteorological conditions, the pilot must maintain a certain level of flight. The pilot must continually examine and scan the flight instruments and continue to make adjustments to maintain the flight level (Collins 2010). This situation becomes harder when the weather conditions are unclear and rough whereby the aircraft can bounce up and down making it challenging to maintain the flight level. Instrument Flight Rules, require that the pilot is assisted by a copilot in most cases. In the absence of a copilot, the task becomes more demanding and difficult (Australia 2013). Another challenge when using the Instrument Flight Rules is when the pilot has to keep communicating with air traffic control. The reason for this contact is because the pilot is unable to see outside window due to the rough weather conditions and therefore, relies on the air traffic control to assist the pilot keep away from the traffic that may be existent in the cloudy skies (Aarons 2013). As a result, it could turn out to be a burden to one pilot who has to manage the communication with the air traffic control and operation of the instruments. However, when there are two pilots in the cockpit, one may be scanning for traffic while the other pilot can focus on flying the aircraft. Navigating will also add to the pilots work load when flying in the clouds. The arrival of GPS has assisted pilots to navigate in the clouds reducing the work load needed to navigate using ground visual landmarks (Bergqvist 2016). However, when the GPS is unavailable, pilots prefer to use radio kind of navigation. This navigation requires using airways and radio beacons to navigate. The pilot may have a difficult time and additional work load when operating the radio alone. However, in multi-cockpit crew, the co-pilot can assist to track the airways. Radio based navigation is often used to flying approaches in which radio beacons are used. These radio beacons are more delicate in the instrument landing systems that require sustaining more accuracy on the glide path adding more work load to the pilot (Domogala, 2005). Conclusion Flying requires a set of rules to assist the pilot to operate the aircraft while on air. VFR and IFR rules assist the pilot to fly and land safely on the ground. In VFR flying, visual references assist a pilot to see the horizon and ground in order to maintain a straightforward flight level. At the same time, the pilot will require ground references to help him in navigation and avoidance of terrain. In IFR flying, the pilot depends on flight instruments to indicate altitude, position, attitude and any other information that may be relevant. It is crucial for the pilot to acquire the necessary skills (instrument rating) as he will require to fly by use of instruments only with very little or no aid of visual instruments. Apart from the specialized skill that the pilot will require to fly using the IFR, he will also require manpower through air traffic control that will direct him to land safely. The pilot under IFR, has additional workload because he has to man both the aircraft and the air traffic by use of six instruments that require frequent scans from the pilot. As IFR governs aircrafts in IMC, the pilot will require to be vigilante in attention and accuracy to enable him fly carefully. Pilots need proficiency in making decisions that determine the weather because VFR may be used in clear weather conditions that do not require the aid of instruments. IFR may be used in unclear and rough weather conditions. A flight may be necessary under VFR especially when the pilot goes missing. A co-pilot may be necessary in IFR to assist pilot with the instruments in the rough weather conditions. References AARONS, R. N. (2013). VFR into a mountain: sun glare contributes to disastrous illusion.Business and Commercial Aviation.109. AUSTRALIA. (2013).International Fleet Review: Sydney, Australia, 3-11 October 2013. [Sydney], [Department of Defence]. BERGQVIST, P. (2016). Rocking it VFR.Flying. COLLINS, R. L. (2010).VFR communications. Batavia, Ohio, Sporty's Academy. DOMOGALA, P. (2005). General aviation in Australia: the VFR pilots.Controller.44, 14-15. MCCOLL, K. B. (2006).Aviation meteorology unscrambled: for vfr and ifr operations certificates and ratings. [Place of publication not identified], Mccool. OATMEDIA INTERACTIVE LEARNING, OXFORD AVIATION TRAINING. (2008).Communications: VFR communications, IFR communications. Shoreham, Transair (UK) Ltd. PEARSON, D. C. (2003). "VFR Flight Not Recommended": a study of weather-related fatal aviation accidents (1995-2000).FAA Aviation News.42, 11-17. ROBSON, D., WADDELL, M., BUTTNER, H. (2010).Flight radio for pilots: VFR operations. Huntingdale, Vic, Aviation Theory Centre. TAYLOR, R. L. (2007).IFR for VFR pilots: an exercise in survival. Newcastle, Wash, Aviation Supplies Academic, Inc.

5 Anthropology Essay Topics Interesting Topics to Write about Modern Humans

5 Anthropology Essay Topics Interesting Topics to Write about Modern Humans Neanderthals have always fascinated the imagination of anthropologists and people interested in the history of human race in general – after all, our ancient cousins are the closest thing to another sentient species we’ve managed to discover so far. The fact that there were two closely related yet distinctly different human subspecies on our planet breeds all kinds of questions. What were they like? What was their psychology? Did they have a language? Why did they go extinct? However, although it was a century and a half since the discovery of the Neanderthals, we know precious little about them. Here we have gathered some facts about Neanderthals that you may find interesting and useful for writing your own anthropology essay. Neanderthal Genes Live on in Modern Humans For a long while the general consensus was that anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals did not interbreed at all. However, a number of more recent researches suggest that this was not the case, and most modern non-Africans inherited about 1-3 percent of their genes from Neanderthals, with Asians showing a somewhat higher percentage than Europeans do. Geographically Neanderthals lived across Eurasia, which explains why people of African descent don’t show any traces of their genes. An intriguing fact is that there is little to no Neanderthal DNA on X chromosome, which suggests that biological compatibility between Neanderthals and our human ancestors was extremely weak, and the majority of male hybrids turned out to be sterile. As a result, most of Neanderthal genes were passed through females. Neanderthals Had Bigger Brains Than We Do Contrary to popular belief, cranial capacity of Neanderthals was considerably higher than that of modern humans: 1600 cm3 vs. 1400 cm3 on average. It stands to reason: Neanderthals lived in higher latitudes than anatomically modern humans originally did, and as a result were more massive in general and higher of stature, which usually leads to larger brain size. A question now arises: why did a biologically close species with larger brain capacity and, supposedly greater brain power, go extinct, while we go on? There is no clear-cut answer to this question, but some studies suggest that Neanderthals had to dedicate a much greater percentage of their brain power to controlling their bodies and their vision than we do. In other words, anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals evolved from a common ancestor but their brains evolved along two different trajectories. Neanderthals developed their somatic and visual regions (mostly dealing with body maintenance and visual perception) while AMHs mostly developed other parts of their brain. The most notable of these other parts is parietal lobe, responsible, among other things, for language processing – a crucial ability for long-term development. Neanderthals Most Likely Had a Language For quite some time the prevalent opinion was that Neanderthals were incapable of language and the array of sounds they could articulate was limited to a relatively poor set of guttural grunts. However, this theory became much less popular after the discovery of a Neanderthal hyoid bone in 1983. Hyoid bone is a small bone that connects the muscles of the larynx and the tongue, and more or less makes speech possible. It turned out that not only did Neanderthals have it, but it was also almost identical to the hyoid bone of modern human. In addition to that, recent studies of Neanderthal DNA shows that they possessed the same variant of FOXP2 gene, which is known to have been extremely important for the formation of language. Moreover, many artifacts left by Neanderthals show the degree of sophistication that would have made learning how to create and use them rather difficult without the assistance of some kind of language. It also pays to remember that they lived in extremely harsh conditions: Neanderthals inhabited colder regions of the planet in the times when climate was much colder than it is now in general, were surrounded by dangerous predators many times larger than themselves, and were capable of bringing down an occasional mammoth with nothing more than sharpened sticks and stones. All this requires a level of cooperation that is impossible without a language, although we are extremely unlikely to ever find out what it was like. Human and Neanderthal Genomes are almost 98.8% Similar Neanderthals and AMHs shared a common ancestor, so it is hardly surprising that they were rather similar genetically. However, this small difference was in a number of very important genes. The main difference lies in that Neanderthals lacked some genes connected with behaviors that are present in AMHs. And the reason why our ancestors were better at survival probably lies exactly there. Neanderthals made an emphasis on individual survival and initially their larger size and stronger muscles did the trick. However, they hardly developed socially, while AMHs traded larger size and better eyesight for improved cognitive power, which led to increased ability to work as a social entity and interact between each other. The fact that Neanderthal tools changed very little over the course of hundreds of thousands of years shows that they were resistant to change and innovation. Also, they were lactose-intolerant and lacked genes that in modern humans are associated with hyperactivity, aggression and syndromes like Autism. Neanderthals were not All That Different When all is said and done, Neanderthals, despite a number of notable differences, were still pretty similar to AMHs. There is evidence that they lived in complex social groups, made tools, were able to make fire, built shelters, wore jewelry, produced cave paintings, nursed their sick and wounded back to health, buried their dead, were capable of language and probably could appreciate music and singing. In their case the fact that a species that was isolated from Homo Sapiens for such a long time and developed by itself has so much in common with us socially is possibly even more mystifying than if they were absolutely different. Neanderthals went extinct about 30,000 years ago, and all that is left of them are a few bones and tools. Yet they are an important part of our history and heritage – and an extremely interesting and mysterious part at that. That’s why it’s a perfect pool of topics for your anthropology essay! References: 1. Schwartz JH, Tattersall I (1996) Toward distinguishing Homo neanderthalensis from Homo sapiens and vice versa. Anthropologie (Brno). 2. Tattersall I (1995) The Last Neanderthal. The Rise, Success and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives. New York: Macmillan. 3. Schwartz JH, Tattersall I (1996) Significance of some previously unrecognized apomorphies in the nasal region of Homo neanderthalensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 4. Stringer CB, Hublin JJ, Vandermeersch B (1984) The origin of anatomically modern humans in western Europe. In Smith FH, Spencer F (eds): The Origins of Modem Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence. New York: Liss. 5. Coon CS (1962) The Origin of Races. New York: Knopf. 6. Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzki H, Stoneking M, Pabo S (1997) Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. 7. Tattersall I (1998) Neanderthal genes: What do they mean? Evol Anthropol.

Meanings, Examples and Observations of the Word Lexicon

Meanings, Examples and Observations of the Word Lexicon A lexicon is the collection of words- or the internalized dictionary- that every speaker of a  language has. It is also called lexis. Lexicon may also refer to a  stock of terms used in a particular profession, subject or style. The word itself is the Anglicized version of the Greek word lexis (which means word in Greek). It basically means dictionary. Lexicology describes the study of lexis and lexicon. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: JargonLanguage AcquisitionLexemeLexical CompetenceLexical DiffusionLexical-Functional Grammar (LFG)Lexical IntegrityLexicalizationLexical SetLexicogrammarLexicographerLexicographicolatryLexicograpyLexicologyLexisListemeMental LexiconMorphologyVocabularyVocabulary Acquisition Examples and Observations The lexicon of soccer (called football outside of the United States) includes terms such as linesman, friendly match, yellow card, penalty shootout, pitch, result, and draw.The lexicon of a stock trader includes terms such as delayed quotes, futures contract, limit order, margin account, short selling, stop order, trend line and watch list. Words by the Numbers [T]here are currently about 600,000 words in the English language, with educated adults using about 2,000 words in daily conversation. For the 500 most-frequently used words, there are some 14,000 dictionary meanings. (Wallace V. Schmidt, et al., Communicating Globally. Sage, 2007)  The English lexicon grew by 70 percent from 1950 to 2000, with roughly 8,500 new words entering the language each year. Dictionaries dont reflect a lot of those words. (Marc Parry, Scholars Elicit a Cultural Genome From 5.2 Million Google-Digitized Books. The Chronicle of Higher Education. December 16, 2010) Myths of Word Learning If you attend a class on language acquisition, or read any good introductory chapter on the subject, you are likely to learn the following facts about word learning. Childrens first words are odd; they have funny meanings that violate certain semantic principles that hold for adult language and are learned in a slow and haphazard way. Then, at about 16 months, or after learning about fifty words, there is a sudden acceleration in the rate of word learning- a word spurt or vocabulary explosion. From this point on, children learn words at the rate of five, ten, or even fifteen new words a day. I will suggest here that none of these claims are true. They are myths of word learning. There is no reason to believe that childrens first words are learned and understood in an immature fashion- and there is considerable evidence to the contrary. There is no such thing as word spurt, and two-year-olds are not learning anywhere near five words per day. (Paul Bloom, Myths of Word Learning. Weavin g a Lexicon, ed. by D. Geoffrey Hall and Sandra R. Waxman. MIT Press, 2004) Language Acquisition: Grammar and Lexicon In a review of findings from language development, language breakdown and real-time processing, we conclude that the case for a modular distinction between grammar and the lexicon has been overstated, and that the evidence to date is compatible with a unified lexicalist account. Studies of normal children show that the emergence of grammar is highly dependent upon vocabulary size, a finding confirmed and extended in atypical populations. Studies of language breakdown in older children and adults provide no evidence for a modular dissociation between grammar and the lexicon; some structures are especially vulnerable to brain damage (e.g., function words, non-canonical word orders), but this vulnerability is also observed in neurologically intact individuals under perceptual degradation or cognitive overload. Finally, online studies provide evidence for early and intricate interactions between lexical and grammatical information in normal adults. (Elizabeth Bates and Judith C. Goodman, On the Inseparability of Grammar and the Lexicon: Evidence from Acquisition, Aphasia and Real-time Processing. Language and Cognitive Processes. The Chronicles of Higher Education. December 1997) Acquisition of the lexicon and acquisition of the grammar are ... parts of a single underlying process. (Jesse Snedeker and Lila R. Gleitman, Why It Is Hard to Label Our Concepts. Weaving a Lexicon, ed. by D. Geoffrey Hall and Sandra R. Waxman. MIT Press, 2004)

How Can the Photographers Prevent Illegal Publishing of Their Phostos Essay

How Can the Photographers Prevent Illegal Publishing of Their Phostos In the Internet - Essay Example This essay stresses that in the modern world, with the advances of the technology, the infringement of copyright law is taking place not only in the real life but in the World Wide Web as well. In comparison with the real life, where infringing materials can be destroyed and their authors punished, the internet cannot be shut down. Therefore, it is often used for illegal purposes. The materials infringed can be of various characters: be it musical files, films, sound recording or photographs. This research paper will focus on one type of the works, namely works of photographers. This paper makes a conclusion that the study will, therefore, elaborate the copyright law on infringement in different countries and the loopholes attached with it. The different types of infringements will be discussed in the paper. For instance, Primary infringement stands for ‘the copying of a work, making available to the public and adaptation of it’ and secondary infringement involves ‘dealings with infringing copies through acts of importation, sale, or other distribution’. There are a number of stock photo companies on the internet and significantly, a good number of people have been fined for copying and using the photographs from the web without buying them. Earlier researches are also a proof of it. Despite such fines and checks, the illegal usage of images, designs and text goes unabated. This report has looked at the illegal publishing of photos on the internet and the problems that authors of those photos often have to deal with.

Petroleum engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Petroleum engineering - Essay Example Petroleum Engineering is a field of engineering which deals with the exploration and production of crude oil and natural gases. The petroleum engineer’s job begins after a geologist’s exploration of the site, and then the petroleum engineer aims to extract the liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons from the earth’s porous rocks under high pressure. Petroleum engineer should also have a good grip on various other subjects in order to achieve the complete command on the issues such as drilling, geophysics, petroleum geology, well logging, economics of petroleum, reservoir engineering, computer simulations etc (ELC, 2014). Petroleum engineering field was first introduced in 1914 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers  (AIME) and in 1915 the first degree in Petroleum Engineering was awarded by the University of Pittsburgh. Ever since this discipline has evolved and has helped in exploring Petroleum, and with the help of ever growing technologies involved in this field, this subject has literally changed the face of the earth and economics. (Honeycutt, 2013) Petroleum Engineering is used to explore and produce hydrocarbons. They are usually buried deep underground, or under deep sea, in arctic regions, and even in deserts. A petroleum engineer along with geophysicists is responsible for the exploration, development and depletion of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Petroleum engineering can be sub classified in to petro physical engineering, drilling engineering, reservoir engineering and production engineering. All these areas of specialization have a unique role in the field of petroleum engineering. Drilling engineering is the first step in oil and gas extraction, a drilling engineer is responsible for digging out the subsurface to surface in an optimized fashion. This field deals with the study of the earth to be drilled, the stresses

Genetic Manipulation: Advantages and Disadvantages

Genetic Manipulation: Advantages and Disadvantages Science on the other hand, fills my brain with questions and answers the knowledge that I crave. The theory of evolution does not dismiss there is a God. It is a theory trying to explain the beginning of life, how we evolved. The Old Testament professes to do the same thing, however, the stories are symbolic in their meaning. I am a Roman Catholic, and our dear Pope John Paul II acknowledged evolution as more than a hypotheses. Only the divine soul is untouched by evolution (Jurmain et al. 2010:44). The fact that some fossils are not preserved does not disprove evolution. Many species might not have left fossils. Some organisms just do not fossilize well. The geological record is not perfect. The fossils are not laid out perfectly waiting to be discovered by paleontologists. Chances are it is highly unlikely that an organisms remains will become fossilized, rather than decomposed. For the remains that do become fossilized, their preservation is unlikely due to erosion, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions , etc; Evolution continues to be rejected by some religious conservatives and fundamentalists. A lot of them believe that evolutionary biology ignores that God exists. They state that it does not account for how the world was really created according to the scriptures in the Bible. There have been numerous efforts to block teaching of evolution in U.S. public schools since 1968. The US Supreme Court overturned the first case in Arkansas stating that there could be no law barring the teaching of evolution on the grounds that it breached the separation of church and state as stated in the U.S. Constitution. Fourteen years later the federal courts rejected a statute to teach both creation science and evolution in the public schools. The courts stated that creation science was not actually a science. To try and get around the law of separation of church and state, evolution opponents began to propose the teaching of intelligent design. They stated that it was non religious, and a scientific alternative to evolution. Intelligent design claims that the living world was too intricate to have been made by the workings of natural selection. That some living things were too complex to have been developed by evolution and could have only have been created by an intelligent designer. But, they did not identify this intelligent designer. This presentation again was blocked by a federal district judge who found intelligent design was not a science (Jurmain et al. 2010:44). What can be done to correct this controversy, or should it be corrected? Why? Although I dont agree with the Christian fundamentalists opinion, my answer is, no. Why? It is called the First Amendment. Describe and evaluate some of the positive and negative consequences of genetic manipulation Genetic engineering entails the manipulation of DNA. The tools in this process are very important for the restriction of so called enzymes, which are produce by various species of bacteria. A particular sequence of a chain of nucleotide bases, can be recognized by restriction enzymes. The nucleotide bases that make up the DNA molecule; cut the DNA at that location. Parts of DNA formed in this way are joined using enzymes called ligases(joining of two enzyme molecules to form a covalent bond, accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP(adenosine triphosphate)) Positive side of genetic manipulation Genetic therapy entails supplying a particular function to a gene, and in turn to cells that are lacking that function. The intention is to correct a genetic disorder or an acquired disease. One type of gene therapy used today is, somatic cell therapy. It is similar to an organ transplant. One or more specific tissues are targeted for treatment by therapeutic genes from the lab or the tissue is removed and replaced with the treated cells and given back to the patient. Researchers have had success with somatic cell gene therapy for the treatment of blood, lung, liver disorders and cancer. Another positive side to genetic manipulation also involves the health industry. The manufacturing of recombinant factor VIII, a blood clotting agent missing in patients with hemophilia A. Practically all of the hemophiliacs who were treated with factor VIII before the mid 1980s contracted AIDS or hepatitis C from viral contaminants in the blood that were used to make the product. Now donor blood is screened for the presence of HIV and the hepatitis C virus. The process now includes inactivating the viruses if they prove to be present. The possibility of a virus contamination is eliminated completely by the use of recombinant factor VIII. Negative side of genetic manipulation Explanation of Cloning: A technique that is a process of several stages. An egg is taken from a donor animal The nucleus is then removed from the egg. The nucleus containing the DNA is taken from the tissue cell of the animal being cloned. The nucleus is inserted into the donor egg cell. The fused egg is then placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother. When that mother eventually gives birth, if all goes well, the baby is genetically identical to the animal that provided the tissue cells that contained the DNA. I understand the potential benefits that genetic engineering has for the future of this world, however, the thought of it getting into the wrong hands terrifies me. My main area of concern is cloning. From the beginning, back in 1997 when I heard on the news about the sheep, Dolly, being cloned in Scotland, my heart sank. There is even talk of people ordering what type of children they want, as if they were ordering from a dinner menu. I knew eventually that people would be cloned. There is evidence they have already. People are desperately waiting for transplants. Why are we not using the clones vital organs? This is something would like answered. Would you agree with your textbook authors when they say: Indeed it would not be an exaggeration to say that this is the most exciting time in the history of evolutionary biology since Darwin published On the Origins of Species? Would you agree or disagree with this statement? Why? Please provide some detailed examples? Yes, I would agree. In my younger days, I worked as a chemotherapy technician in Childrens Hospital, Boston. I worked closely with one little girl who was born without a stomach, preparing parenteral nutrition for her daily basis. Children also dying at a very young age of diabetes. But due to the amazing research done in genetics, and recombinant DNA technology, children have a much better chance of reaching adulthood and leading normal lives. Regarding the field of anthropology, the sequencing of human genes in the Human Genome Project. The progress being made in comparative genomics is terribly exciting. Personally, I cant wait to hear the DNA comparison results of the Neanderthal, modern human, and nonhuman primate. What is natural selection? The theory of Natural selection is actually the key to evolution. It is based on the following processes that include: Biological variation within all species Individuals within a species that have favorable traits are more likely to survive in their environment and produce offspring. The environment of the species determines whether or not a trait is satisfactory or not. Traits are inherited and over a period of time, favorable traits will be passed on generation to generation and become more common in the population. Isolation of a species may lead to the formation of a new species due to inhabiting a different environment and will in turn adapt to that environment. Natural selection only operates on an individual within a population, but it is the population that evolves. Why is genetic variation necessary for the process of natural selection to operate? Genetic variation plays a significant role at the microevolutionary level, producing evolutionary change. Directional evolutionary trends can only be sustained by natural selection. Individuals who carry a particular allele or a combination of alleles will produce more offspring than other individuals with different alleles. The frequency of the new allele in a population will increase slowly from generation to generation. This process is compounded over hundreds of generations for multiple loci, the result being a major evolutionary change(Jurmain et al. 2010:107). What are the sources of genetic variation? Mutations: When there is a change in the DNA molecule that means there is one type of mutation and that multiple genes occur in two or more forms called alleles. If an allele to another allele, or if the gene is altered in some way, a mutation has just occurred. Alleles are, in fact, a direct result of a mutation. The substitution of simply one DNA base for another, a point mutation, can cause a change in an allele. However, to be important to the evolutionary process, the point mutation has to occur in the sex cells. This is so the mutation can be passed on from generation to generation. Examples: No changes in phenotype due to mutations No evidence of a change on the phenotype of an organism due to mutation. Mutation occurred maybe in a stretch of DNA with no function, or perhaps the mutation occurred in a protein-coding region, but ended up not affecting the amino acid sequencing of the protein. Small change in phenotype due to mutations would for example be a single mutation like a cats ear slightly curling back. Big change in phenotype due to mutations This would create some major phenotypic changes. DDT resistance in insects are usually caused by single mutations. A single mutation can also have very strong negative effects on an organism. Mutations that would cause the death of an organism are called lethals. Gene flow Migration is used here to refer to the movement of people. This occurs when the exchange of genes between different groups of migrants interbreeding. It can also occur when an individual(s) move temporarily and produce some offspring in an entirely new population. This way they have left their genetic contribution. An example of gene flow: Happens a great deal in war. When male soldiers are stationed in remote parts of the world and impregnate the native women of that country and then the male returns to his native land. The impregnated native women in the remote country represents the gene flow. Genetic drift is known as the random factor in evolution. The population size is its entire function. Drift only occurs because a population is small. If an allele is rare in a very small population of less than 400 people, there is a very great chance that it will not be passed down to the offspring. Eventually, the allele may disappear entirely. In this instance genetic variability has been reduced drastically. Genetic drift can cause big losses of genetic variation for small populations. An example of genetic drift: The B allele was evidently not passed down to generations of Blackfoot people. There is evidence that present populations are deficient in genotypes that contain the B allele (BB, BO and AB). When the populations became greatly reduced in size, some genes may not have been passed on to the next generation. This phenomenon is referred to as a genetic bottleneck. As a result, genetic variability may have been severely reduced in succeeding generations. Founder effect is a type of genetic drift and is seen in human and non human populations. An example of the founder effect is the Baptist German religious sect that settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700s. These families didnt marry outside their own religious sect. There has been evidence of some dramatic changes in their gene frequencies. For example; the type A blood in the sect resulted in 60 percent. United States is 42%. It is 45 percent for the sect in West Germany. They also have fewer people with certain recessive traits, such as hitchhikers thumb and attached ear lobes, compared to the U.S. population as a whole. The founder effect helps explain the high frequency of dwarfism and polydactylism (extra fingers) in the Amish of Lancaster Pennsylvania. The colony began when at least one of the individuals carried these traits. Recombination is a source of genetic variation that introduces new gene combinations into populations. For example: Siblings are never genetically identical to either of their parents or to each other (unless they are identical twins.)This is because when organisms reproduce sexually, some genetic à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"shufflingà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  occurs. This brings together a new combination of genes. How is natural selection related to environmental factors? All the evolutionary factors of mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and recombination, interact to form genetic variation. Genes are then distributed within the populations. There isnt any long term direction to any of the above factors, but for adaptation and the evolutionary process to occur, the gene pool of the population needs to change in a certain direction.Some alleles need to consistently become more commonplace, while other become less common. Natural selection can cause a change in direction in allele frequency relative to specific environmental factors. If there is to be a change in the environment, then the selection pressures will also change, and a shift in allele frequencies is called adaptation. Now if there are long term environmental changes in the same direction, then allele frequencies would also shift very gradually over time. Example:Hemoglobin S (Hbs) which is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that is formed from a point mutation gene, produces part of the molecule of the hemoglobin. If an individual inherits this allele from both parents, he or she will have sickle cell anemia. HbS is a mutation that occurs in all populations occasionally, but the allele in generally rare. HBs, however, is more common in central Africa where it reaches 20% of the population. With the devastating effects of the HbS homozygotes, one would think that natural selection would have acted on eliminating it. But that is not the case. Natural selection has actually increased the frequency of HbS. This is because of the disease malaria. People with one HbS and one HbA allele (heterozygotes with the sickle cell trait) have red blood cells that contain hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S is not a suitable environment for the malarial parasite. So having HbS is beneficial, because it protects that person from malaria. In this instance, malaria is the selective agent. and favors the heterozygous phenotype. In this part of the world, individuals with sickle cell anemia trait have a higher reproductive success than those with normal hemoglobin, because they are more apt to die of malaria (Jurmain et al. 2010:105). Discuss genealogy of the Blue Fugates of Kentucky. Describe Mendelian principle of inheritance as well as a phenotypic effect of an enzyme deficiency. Mendel discovered through his experiments with plants, that the inheritance of traits was not due to blending as he originally thought. He found that specific units (genes) of inheritance were passed down from generation to generation. No matter what trait Mendel selected for the second generation of the plants, it would show a ratio of 3 to 1. This meant that there were 3 dominant genes to every 1 recessive gene. Mendel realized that this 3:1 ratio occurred in later generations as well. He had found the key to understanding inheritance. Mendel came to three very important conclusions from his experiments The inheritance of each trait is determined by units(genes) that are passed on to descendents and are unchanged. An individual would inherit a gene from each parent for each trait. A trait just may not show up in an offspring but could be passed on to their offspring. Mendels observations have been summarized in to two principles: The principle of segregation and the principle of independent assortment. According to the principle of segregation two members of alleles separate from each other in the formation of sex cells (gametes) Half of the gametes carry one of the allele and the other half of the gametes carry the other allele. Principle of independent assortment-Genes for different traits are assorted independently from one another in the formation of sex cells. I feel the principle of segregation applies in the case of the blue Fugates of Kentucky. It was determined that the Fugates inherited an autosomal recessive trait. Both Martin Fugate(heterozygote) and his bride Elizabeth Fugate(heterozygote) had one recessive allele each of this disorder. Since both Martin and Elizabeth were both carriers, there was a 25% chance of their offspring being affected. There is usually a predictable phenotypic ratio of 3:1. The family would marry people who lived close by and this intermarrying continued. The community was isolated, without roads. When the railroad was completed 30 to 40 years later, roads were built and they started venturing out and marrying outside their community. The strain of the inherited blue gene began to disappear. The recessive gene was not likely to find a mate with the same recessive gene. A baby named, Benjy Stacy was born blue, 100 years later. He had the recessive gene from both his mother and fathers side. His blue color, however was only temporary. It was assumed that Benjy had just inherited one gene of the condition, and being a baby had a smaller amount of the enzyme diaphorase, and it built to normal levels as he got older (Jurmain et al. 2010:86-89) and Fugate family literature. Why do we see this rare, phenotypic deficiency? It was first seen in Alaskan Eskimos and Indians. It is a human genetic disease. The gene is located at chromosome 22. In normal people, there is a dominant, allele that is responsible for the production of the enzyme diaphoreses. Normally hemoglobin is converted into methemoglobin(a brownish compound of oxygen and hemoglobin) at a very slow rate. Diaphorase in normal blood, changes the methemoglobin back to hemoglobin. The homozygous children of the Fugate family, lacked the enzyme diaphorase. therefore this conversion could not take place. Therefore, all of their hemoglobin in their body was considered useless. Instead they had a mutant allele that produced an inert enzyme that was unable to reduce the hemoglobin. What is the nature of the evidence supporting punctuated equilibrium? The theory was advanced by two American paleontologists Eldredge and Gould. They agreed that the fossil record was incomplete, but that it could not be incomplete enough to account for the near absence of the gradualistic change from the fossil record. They said that species originate too quickly for the normal geological processes to record the event; a single bedding (a thin layer of sedimentary rock)often compresses more than tens of thousands of years into a thin slice. Speciation usually occurs when small populations cut off from the interbreeding with groups, evolving rapidly in isolation. With fewer people in an isolated population, the favorable mutations spread more readily. A small, isolated, evolving population may become extinct and may not leave a trace of a fossil record. Eldredge and Gould said that if it does remove itself from its isolation, and spread over a much wider area, its likely to be seen in the fossil record as making a punctuational appearance, fully forme d. The nature of the evidence supporting punctuated equilibrium was from the paleontologist, Cheetham. He gathered a large sample of bryzoan fossils from the Caribbean and surrounding regions. He painstakingly classified them into 17 species using 46 microscopic characteristics of their skeletons. Measured their length, dimensions of pores, and all the orifices on the fossils. He then arranged them into a family tree. He analyzed them and split a single species into several species. The abruptness in the tree, appeared more clear to him and stronger than ever. He concluded that through 15 million years of the geological record, these particular species persisted unchanged for 2-6 million years. Then in less than 160 thousand years, split off in to a new species. This new species would coexist continuously with its ancestor species. This was his punctuated result. But this was not proof The morphological differences being used to split the fossil species? What if it really did not mark a separate species, but was just another version of the species? A model of speciation was needed to recognize a new species and support any evidence of punctuated equilibrium. Several biological tests were performed and then he performed a test in genetics. Using a test of protein electrophoresis, he extracted enzymes and analyzed each of the eight morphologically defined species. In every case, the specimen from each species had very similar enzymes. This indicated they belonged to the same genetically related species. Cheetham had passed the fossil species test. His conclusion was that morphology still seems to say how evolution occurred(http://science.jrank.org/pages/5591/punctuated-Equilibrium.html)(Kerr 1995:1421). Would you agree or disagree with this? Why? Many paleontologists still say that many of these studies have their weaknesses. There is overwhelming evidence that speciation is sometimes gradual and sometimes punctuated. It is very complicated, and until there is more proof, I think I would prefer to stick to the middle ground. Theories of Psychopathy | Overview and Analysis Theories of Psychopathy | Overview and Analysis A lot of research has been conducted in the area of aggressive, antisocial, and criminal behaviour (Frick Viding, 2009). Indeed, persistent antisocial behaviour results in human suffering associated with criminal offences, and high economic costs from detaining these offenders to prevent recidivism (Loeber Farrington, 2001). What is Psychopathy? Previous findings demonstrated that over a third of incarcerated offenders have Antisocial Personality Disorder, characterized by pervasive antisocial and exploitative behaviour (Black, Gunter, Loveless, Allen, Sieleni, 2010). However, offenders with psychopathy represent an even greater danger to society. Individuals with psychopathy often use instrumental aggression for personal gain. When compared to non-psychopathic offenders, they tend to commit more serious and violent crimes (e.g. premeditated homicide), are three times more likely to reoffend, and four times more likely to recidivate by a violent offence after being released from prison (Porter, Brinke, Wilson, 2009). Psychopathy is a developmental disorder characterized by antisocial and bold disinhibited behaviours, lack of empathy and remorse, and low anxiety (Hare Neumann, 2008). Previous studies demonstrated that adults with psychopathy all display persistent antisocial behavior across the lifespan with first signs of psychopathy, such as behavioural disturbances and emotional deficits, being evident as early as childhood (Blair, 2013). While the diagnosis of psychopathy is generally applied to adults, some children present with antisocial behavior and core psychopathic traits (comparable with callous-unemotional (CU) traits) such as low empathy, lack of guilt, shallow affect, and callous use of others (Frick Viding, 2009). Although it is important not to assume that children and adolescents with psychopathic traits will exhibit psychopathy in adulthood, the assessment of psychopathic traits and antisocial behavior in youth provides considerable evidence of their persistence over time (Erme r, Cape, Nyalakanti, Calhoun, Kiehl, 2013). Psychopathic Traits in Children and Adolescents Children with conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits show more instrumental aggression for personal gain, higher prevalence of Antisocial Personality Disorder among their parents, more frequent interactions with the police, and a greater number and variety of conduct problems than children with CD and no psychopathic traits (Herba, Hodgins, Blackwood, Kumari, Naudts, Phillips, in press). While callous-unemotional traits during childhood have been often associated with severe antisocial behavior, children with callous-unemotional traits but no antisocial behaviour frequently show higher levels of other impairments such as increased hyperactivity, low prosociality, and poor interpersonal relationships (see: Frick, Cornell, Bodin, Dane, Barry, Loney, 2003; Barker, Olivier, Viding, Salekin, Maughan, 2011; Rowe, Maughan, Moran, Ford, Briskman, Goodman, 2010). Callous and unemotional traits have been recently added as part of the diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder in the new version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) (Decuyper, Caluwe, Clercq, Fruyt, 2014). Moreover, due to its high predictive validity, CU traits may have independent diagnostic value, even without the diagnosis of conduct disorder (Barker, et al., 2011; Frick, et al., 2003; Viding McCrory, 2012). Evidence of Emotional Dysfunction in Individuals with Psychopathic Traits Previous findings demonstrated that callous and unemotional children show similar emotional deficits as psychopathic adults, such as poor emotion recognition and deficits in emotional empathy (Herba, et al., in press; Blair, 2003; Pardini, Lochman, Frick, 2003). Emotional empathy represents affective reactions to emotional expressions and to verbal descriptions of the emotional states of other individuals. Empathic reactions, which can be evoked by facial expressions, voice tones, body postures, and even script, serve a communicatory function, and are processed by separate neural systems (Blair, 2013). Emotion Recognition Findings Youths and adults with psychopathic tendencies display a significant selective impairment in emotional empathy. While they normally recognize and differentiate between expressions of disgust and anger, their processing of distress cues (expressions of sadness, pain, and fear) is significantly different from healthy youths and adults without psychopathic tendencies (Blair, 2013). Studies demonstrated that distress cues inhibit antisocial behaviour in humans as well as primates by eliciting empathy in observers (Marsh Blair, 2007). Meta-analytic review of the literature shows that while having a normal processing of anger and disgust, individuals with psychopathic traits and persistent antisocial behaviour display poor recognition of certain emotional expressions, particularly fear, as well as reduced recognition of expressions of happiness and sadness, though to a lesser extent (Marsh Blair, 2007; Dawel, O’Kearney, McKone, Palermo, 2012). Blair, Collegde, Murray, and Mitchel l (2001) conducted a study looking at emotion recognition in boys with and without psychopathic tendencies (measured by a Psychopathy Screening Device). Children were shown a standardized set of six emotions (sadness, happiness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise) morphed into different intensity levels and shown in 20 successive frames from neutral to full expression. Results demonstrated that children with psychopathic tendencies made more mistakes in recognizing expressions of fear even when they were presented at full intensity. Moreover, these children also needed more stages to be able to recognize expressions of sadness (Blair, et al. 2001). Similar impaired recognition of sad and fearful expressions is also observed using vocal tones and body poses (Stevens, Charman, Blair, 2001; Blair, Budhani, Colledge, Scott, 2005; Munoz, 2009). Psychophysiological findings A number of studies that looked at psychophysiological responsiveness of individuals with psychopathic traits provided additional evidence towards the idea that these individuals have impaired processing of expressions of distress in others. Children and adolescents with high callous-unemotional traits and psychopathic adults show reduced autonomic responses including heart rate, facial electromyographic responses, and electrodermal responses to fearful and sad expressions and distress cues in others (Blair, 1999; de Wied, van Boxtel, Matthys, Meeus, 2012; Blair, Jones, Clark, Smith, 1997). In addition, youths and adults with psychopathic tendencies also display atypical electroencephalography responses to pain in others (Blair, 2013). Functional neuroimaging findings A new study by Motzkin, Phillippi, Wolf, Baskaya, and Koenigs (2015) provided tentative evidence that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) might play a significant role in regulating amygdala activity in humans. This is not surprising given the substantial amount of evidence, containing lesion studies, demonstrating that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala play a critical role in empathic response and emotion regulation (Blair, 2008; Blair, 2013). Studies of youths with high callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder, as well as studies of psychopathic adults, showed decreased activation of the rostral vmPFC in response to images of other individuals in pain. (Marsh, et al. 2013; Blair, 2008). Previous fMRI studies also repeatedly demonstrated reduced amygdala activation in individuals (children, youth and adults) with psychopathic traits when they are presented with images of faces expressing fear, or images of others individuals in pain (Blair, 2008; Jones, Laurens, Herba, Barker, Viding, 2009; Marsh, et al., 2007; Munoz, 2009). Moreover, studies consistently reported that lower activity in the amygdala, vmPFC, as well as the anterior insula in response to distress cues are associated with higher severity of psychopathic traits, particularly in children and adolescents (Marsh, et al., 2008; Sebastian, et al., 2012; Marsh, et al., 2013) Structural neuroimaging findings Given the amount of evidence demonstrating reduced activity in vmPFC and amygdala in youths with psychopathic traits and psychopathic adults in response to distress cues, it is worth considering whether structural abnormalities are also observed within these neural regions. A large neuroimaging study conducted by Ermer and colleagues (2013) looked at the structural brain volume in over 200 incarcerated adolescents in a maximum security facility. Their findings demonstrated volume reductions within a large brain structure that centered on the vmPFC and included the amygdala, which is associated with the emotion dysfunction component of psychopathy. Another structural neuroimaging study demonstrated an inverse relationship between the structural volume of amygdala and the severity of psychopathic traits in a large sample (N=296) of incarcerated adults (Ermer, Cope, Nyalakanti, Calhoun, Kiehl, 2012). Summary of existing findings In summary, the aforementioned findings demonstrated that individuals with psychopathy show poor recognition of, and reduced autonomic response to distress cues in others across the lifespan. Functional neuroimaging studies identified various neural structures involved in the processing of distress cues, with the most consistent evidence pointing towards the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. fMRI studies repeatedly demonstrated reduced activity in these brain regions in children and adolescents with callous and unemotional traits, and psychopathic adults in response to facial expressions of fear and sadness. Structural neuroimaging studies provided additional evidence towards the importance of the amygdala and the vmPFC in processing of distress cues, demonstrating volume reductions in these areas in incarcerated adolescents with psychopathic traits, and a significant inverse relationship between the structural volume of the amygdala and the severity of psychopathic traits in incarcerated adult. Current Theories Given this considerable amount of evidence demonstrating emotional dysfunction in individuals with psychopathic traits across the lifespan, several models have been proposed in hopes to shed more light on this impairment. Violence Inhibition Mechanism Previous animal studies suggested that display of emotions of sadness, pain, and fear, also referred to as distress cues, serve an important evolutionary function: when displayed to a conspecific aggressor lead to the termination of the attack (Blair, 1995). Blair (1995) proposed a functionally analogous mechanism in humans referred to as violence inhibition mechanism (VIM). According to Blair, VIM represents a cognitive mechanism normally activated by non-verbal expressions of distress, which predisposes an aggressor as well as a bystander to withdraw from the situation. According to the model, moral socialization takes place through pairing of the activation of VIM by the sad and fearful expressions (Unconditioned Stimulus) of others with representations of the acts that caused this distress (Conditioned Stimulus: moral transgressions, such as an aggressive act towards an individual). As a result, representations of these moral transgressions become triggers for the VIM through classical conditioning. Thus, a normally developing child will initially find pain of others aversive, and then through socialization would learn to dislike the thoughts of acts that cause pain to others, and as a result will be less likely to engage in violent behaviour (Blair, 1995). According to Blair (1995), this mechanism is absent in individuals with psychopathy, which might be due to a specific physiological deficit or lack of early socialization experiences. Due to the absence of VIM, individuals with psychopathy are not negatively reinforced after any action (moral transgression) that results in the display of distress cues in others. Using VIM, one might predict that these individuals who were unable to form US-CS association would show emotional dysfunction, early-onset of violent behaviour, and lack of guilt or empathy post-violence, which all represent core features of psychopathy. The Response Modulation Hypothesis Another concept that has been suggested to explain the nature of emotional impairments in individuals with psychopathic traits looks at psychopathy as a disorder of attention. According to the response modulation hypothesis, individuals with psychopathy fail to recognize and process distress cues in others due to their inability to shift attention to this information when they are engaged in goal-directed behaviour. Given the amount of evidence demonstrating severe emotional processing impairments in individuals with psychopathic traits, it has been suggested that this emotional dysfunction may underpin the deficits seen in psychopathic individuals (Blair, 1995; Frick Viding, 2009). Indeed, previous studies demonstrated pronounced deficits in emotional learning and poor decision making in psychopathic adults as well as youths with psychopathic tendencies. Previous studies on decision-making behaviour in psychopathic adults demonstrated significant deficits underlying aversive conditioning, reversal learning, operant extinction, and passive avoidance learning (Blair, 2013). In an fMRI Study by Birbaumer and colleagues, a sample of ten offenders with psychopathy and ten matched controls was used to investigate the activation of neural structures, skin conductance, arousal and emotional valence in an aversive delay conditioning paradigm where neutral faces were used as conditioned stimuli and painful pressure as an unconditioned stimulus (Birbaumer, Veit, Lotze, Erb, Hermann, Grodd, Flor, 2005). Finding of this study showed inability of psychopathic individuals to learn to differentiate between conditioned stimuli, or show increased skin conductance response to the paired conditioned stimulus. Moreover, fMRI findings demonstrated reduced activity in the limbic-prefrontal circuit (combined of amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and a nterior cingulate) in psychopathic individuals when compared to the matched controls. Another study which used a similar fear conditioning paradigm as Birbaumer and colleagues (2005) further demonstrated deficits in aversive fear conditioning in psychopathic adults (Rthermund, Ziegler, Hermann, Gruesser, Foell, Patrick, Flor, 2012). In this study, psychopathic participants showed lack of a differential startle response and lack of skin conductance towards a paired conditioned stimulus. Moreover, these results cannot be explained by differences in detection threshold of electric shock, or levels of pain tolerance, since there was no significant differences in these measures between the two groups. This study confirms previous findings of impaired ability to form associations between neutral and aversive events in adults with psychopathy. Previous studies in decision-making behaviour and the propensity to learn from punishment in youths with psychopathic traits demonstrated significant impairments in the capacity to associate outcomes (reward or punishments) with stimuli.

Mystery of Free Will and Moral Responsibility

The Mystery of Free Will and Moral Responsibility We all seem to think that we make decisions on our own and have the ability to choose from making different decisions. We do what we want to do because it seems as if we have many options to choose from to be in control of our own destiny. The basic question of the mystery of free will is that, â€Å"Are we able to really make our own decisions or are the decisions we make already predetermined (with it being inevitable of us making that certain decision)? Our futures seem to be undetermined and have an infinite amount of possibilities of which we are able to choose freely among. Think of your life as a garden of forking paths with each path being a certain decision you make that affects your future. However, many philosophers believe that the thesis of determinism threatens this model of free will. If you may know, determinism is the theory that the universe at any point in time is entirely fixed by the state of the universe at a pr ior time, in combination with the laws of nature.So the reason why this threatens the ‘garden of forking paths’ model of free will is that how can we have so many options to choose when determinism has already chosen one for us? This leads us to another central issue, which is: â€Å"Can free will and determinism co-exist? † The two ways philosophers go about considering this question is either with a ‘yes, they can co-exist’ or ‘no, they cannot. ’ If you were to believe that, yes, free will and determinism can co-exist, then you would be considered a compatibilist.Answering no, free will and determinism cannot co-exist, you would be considered an incompatibalist. Peter Van Inwagen, a prominent figure in the philosophy world, created the consequence argument. In his argument, Van Inwagen explains that if determinism is true, then our acts are just a consequence of the laws of nature and events in the remote past. And since it’s no t up to us what went on before we were born nor what the laws of nature are, the consequences of these things (including our present acts) are not up to us (PowerPoint 1, Slide 23).In short, he explains that if determinism were to be true then no one would ever or has ever made a choice on their own about anything. So if no one has power over the facts of the past and the laws of nature and that no one has the power of the fact that the facts of the past and laws of nature entail that only future is possible, therefore, no one has power over the facts of the future. To further demonstrate his reasoning of the consequence argument, Van Inwagen created the No Choice Principle (NCP). In this example, let ‘p’ = â€Å"Plato died long before I was born. † Let ‘q’ = â€Å"I never met Plato. Now, if I have no choice about ‘p’ and no choice about the fact that (if ‘p’ is true, then ‘q’ is necessarily true. Therefore, I have no choice about ‘q’ (PowerPoint 1, Slide 26). How can one have a choice about something that is inevitably going to happen if one has no choice about it happening? Van Inwagen’s consequence argument is based on the NCP. Now, if determinism and free will can co-exist (Compatibilism is true) then the No Choice Principle must be false (Remember, you would have no free will and no choice of ‘q’ happening because it was never in your control to choose so).But, the NCP is not false, therefore the Compatibilism theory is not true and with this being said the free will thesis and theory of determinism cannot co-exist. I believe that free will is incompatible with determinism, but free will exists because the thesis of determinism is false. I choose this opinion because, going to back to the ‘garden of forking paths’ model, if I come across a path with three forks in it I have the ability to not take one or two of those paths and have the ab ility to freely choose which path I would prefer to take.I know that I have the ability to choose because I can take either 3 paths, but I only choose to take the one which I desire most. Determinists may say that I took that path because it was inevitable. Whichever of the 3 paths I took, it would be inevitable that I took it. The reason why I believe in free will and not the coexistence of both free will and determinism, and determinism itself is because there is no way to prove something of happening inevitably in every occasion. Determinists could say that just about anything was inevitable of happening, what’s their proof? Mystery of Free Will and Moral Responsibility The Mystery of Free Will and Moral Responsibility We all seem to think that we make decisions on our own and have the ability to choose from making different decisions. We do what we want to do because it seems as if we have many options to choose from to be in control of our own destiny. The basic question of the mystery of free will is that, â€Å"Are we able to really make our own decisions or are the decisions we make already predetermined (with it being inevitable of us making that certain decision)? Our futures seem to be undetermined and have an infinite amount of possibilities of which we are able to choose freely among. Think of your life as a garden of forking paths with each path being a certain decision you make that affects your future. However, many philosophers believe that the thesis of determinism threatens this model of free will. If you may know, determinism is the theory that the universe at any point in time is entirely fixed by the state of the universe at a pr ior time, in combination with the laws of nature.So the reason why this threatens the ‘garden of forking paths’ model of free will is that how can we have so many options to choose when determinism has already chosen one for us? This leads us to another central issue, which is: â€Å"Can free will and determinism co-exist? † The two ways philosophers go about considering this question is either with a ‘yes, they can co-exist’ or ‘no, they cannot. ’ If you were to believe that, yes, free will and determinism can co-exist, then you would be considered a compatibilist.Answering no, free will and determinism cannot co-exist, you would be considered an incompatibalist. Peter Van Inwagen, a prominent figure in the philosophy world, created the consequence argument. In his argument, Van Inwagen explains that if determinism is true, then our acts are just a consequence of the laws of nature and events in the remote past. And since it’s no t up to us what went on before we were born nor what the laws of nature are, the consequences of these things (including our present acts) are not up to us (PowerPoint 1, Slide 23).In short, he explains that if determinism were to be true then no one would ever or has ever made a choice on their own about anything. So if no one has power over the facts of the past and the laws of nature and that no one has the power of the fact that the facts of the past and laws of nature entail that only future is possible, therefore, no one has power over the facts of the future. To further demonstrate his reasoning of the consequence argument, Van Inwagen created the No Choice Principle (NCP). In this example, let ‘p’ = â€Å"Plato died long before I was born. † Let ‘q’ = â€Å"I never met Plato. Now, if I have no choice about ‘p’ and no choice about the fact that (if ‘p’ is true, then ‘q’ is necessarily true. Therefore, I have no choice about ‘q’ (PowerPoint 1, Slide 26). How can one have a choice about something that is inevitably going to happen if one has no choice about it happening? Van Inwagen’s consequence argument is based on the NCP. Now, if determinism and free will can co-exist (Compatibilism is true) then the No Choice Principle must be false (Remember, you would have no free will and no choice of ‘q’ happening because it was never in your control to choose so).But, the NCP is not false, therefore the Compatibilism theory is not true and with this being said the free will thesis and theory of determinism cannot co-exist. I believe that free will is incompatible with determinism, but free will exists because the thesis of determinism is false. I choose this opinion because, going to back to the ‘garden of forking paths’ model, if I come across a path with three forks in it I have the ability to not take one or two of those paths and have the ab ility to freely choose which path I would prefer to take.I know that I have the ability to choose because I can take either 3 paths, but I only choose to take the one which I desire most. Determinists may say that I took that path because it was inevitable. Whichever of the 3 paths I took, it would be inevitable that I took it. The reason why I believe in free will and not the coexistence of both free will and determinism, and determinism itself is because there is no way to prove something of happening inevitably in every occasion. Determinists could say that just about anything was inevitable of happening, what’s their proof?

Succesful Entrepreneur

Choose any successful entrepreneur in Malaysia or outside Malaysia. Then explain why you choose he/she as a successful entrepreneur and relate it with entrepreneurial competencies. The person that i choose to be the great entreprenure that become the idol to me is Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary. He was a great man that motivate us with his success story that inspired and motivated throughout his success in business activities which can make us to be more discipline and working much harder to achieve their dream. That is just the beginning. Now let’s go personally about him. He’s a mysterious man. Where he does not like to show off the luxurious life. For your information, he is easy to get along with other people. He is not the type of people which love to collect luxury car. He has an old model of Proton Perdana and another one is 20 year’s old Mercedes which he used to use it from time to time. Tan Sri Syed Moktar Al-Bukhari is the entreprenure that is so kind and always make a charity work to help other people. He always donate his money and easily to help people especially the poor people and the orphan. Now we go to his background. He was born into a mid- low class family in north of peninsular Malaysia, whose house was without necessities and luxuries. His highest education was only until form five, and he never went to university. A whole lot of his knowledge and experience was gained through his own entrepreneurship experience during his youth time. Due in part his family's mediocre-to-poor background, Syed Mokhtar al Bukhary had to step into the working world in his early life, while pursuing his primary and secondary studies. Syed Mokhtar helped his mother planting and selling vegetables in the market and also selling roti canai. His numeric knowledge was used to help his father in doing daily book keeping. After finishing school, Syed Mokhtar helped his father in breeding cow business but only to see the business washed away by foot and mouth disease. Nevertheless, he took over the business and start over by selling meats. He then move on to packaging the meats and start selling them wholesale. His determination paid off and the business started to take off. what can we see he have become entreprenure when he was small. His idea to run the bussiness rom the small scale business approve that we cannot only depends on a large-scale business to determine the successfull , but depending on the way we done the business with the continuous quality to make sure the business doing well. Now he have prove to us that he can be the best and succesfull business man even he come from the mid low class family, with the determine and hardworking, he can become the great entrepreneur. Characteristic that should be possessed by successful entrepreneur in order to perform entrepreneurial functions effectively have a several factor. One of the factors is initiative. This characteristic has been show by him when he help his father in breeding cow business. He then become the businessman and start over to selling meat. He then move on to packaging the meats and start selling them wholesale. Because of his initiative he he has managed to expand its business to advance from time to time. Al- bukhary Foundation was established in March 1996 as a charitable act to help the poor, support the development of islamic art and culture and promote understanding between civilization. The main objective of Al- Bukhari Fondation is to promote brotherhood among muslims. This foundation is composed of two parts. One section carries out charitable work, while one part of the management of funds from any company in which Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar no interest in it. Until now, al-Bukhary Foundation spent more than RM300 million for religious activities, culture and education. In addition, Yayasan Al-Bukhary only finance poor students. Among the initiatives that are committed to finance poor Muslim students from around ASEAN to study in Malaysia. Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar has show some attitude that he is the person that always help people evenly he has no interest in it. In conclusion, he is the one who concern for high quality of work. As an entreprenure, he acts to do things that meet certain standards of excellence which gives him greater satisfaction. What we can see from his attitude is, he is the one of the successful â€Å"bumiputera† that become the excellence and great billionaire and the one who is then become the icon and idol to the Malaysian. Because of his constribution also, many people has been helped by his Yayasan Al –Bukhary can support they life to go on further and then become the person who is excellence like him.

William Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream And Fool

The Shakespearean fool is a recurring character type in the works of William Shakespeare. While their individual personalities and functions differ from play to play, the reoccurrence of the Shakespearean fool suggests that fools serve as an important institution of the Shakespearean stage. But what is the role of the Shakespeare’s fools in his works? And how do particular characteristics about these fools help them achieve this purpose? Through an in-depth analysis of Shakespeare’s arguably two most famous fools, Puck (Robin Goodfellow) from A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Fool in King Lear; an argument can be made that the scope of the fool goes far beyond being solely a comedic figure. Using a Shakespearean comedy and tragedy as evidence,†¦show more content†¦This is a practice As full of labor as a wise man’s art; For folly that he wisely shows is fit, But wise men, folly-fall’n, quite taint their wit. (III, i, 60-68) In many cases, Shakespearean fools are downplayed by contemporary dramatists and audiences as comic characters that break up the serious content of Shakespeare’s plays. Such critics point to the porter in Macbeth who appears after Macbeth has just killed the king, or the grave diggers in Hamlet who show up after Ophelia’s suicide. While this role for fool characters has its viability and is true to a degree, the Shakespearean fool may be more complex than it is given credit for. The action of A Midsummer Night’s Dream is divided up amongst several groups of characters: the lovers, the fairies, and the other fool of the play Bottom and his players. Out of these groups, the character Puck, also addressed as Robin Goodfellow, emerges as the best candidate for the protagonist of the play despite also fitting into the fool character type. Puck serves as a guide between the world of the fairies and the world of the humans. His physical appearance reinforces this notion. Puck is portrayed as somewhat bizarre looking, being called a â€Å"hobgoblin† as well as a â€Å"shrewd and knavish sprite†. These terms’ connotations indicate Puck as less ethereal and graceful as other fairies, instead possessing a certain