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Tuesday, August 25, 2020
The Conceptual and Theoretical Fundamentals of Management Information Thesis
The Conceptual and Theoretical Fundamentals of Management Information in Public Procurement - Thesis Example Authoritative Preparedness 82 6.3. The board Information Cockpit and Its Impact on Public Administration Management 85 6.3. Effect of IM Cockpit to Administrative Performance, Efficiency, Effectiveness and Sustainability 88 6.4. Outline 90 Chapter 7 - Conclusion 91 7.1 Contributions of the Thesis 91 7.2 Implications of the Thesis 92 7.2.1 Implications for Theory 92 7.2.2 Implications for Public Administration Organizations and Information Technology 92 7.2.3 Implications for Future Researches 93 7.3 Limitations of the Thesis 94 7.4 Final Conclusion 94 Bibliography 95 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Private and open association (PPP) is an ongoing wonder that looks to breakdown the customary obstructions existing between the private and the open sector.1 PPP is a course of action wherein ââ¬Å"public area bodies go into long haul authoritative understandings in which private gatherings partake in, or offer help for, the arrangement of framework, and a PPP venture brings about an agreement for a private element to convey open foundation based services.â⬠2 Several types of exchanges have been built up inside the boundaries set by PPP and some of which are fabricate own ââ¬operate, purchase construct work and others. In any case, paying little mind to the structure of the built up association what is essential is the method of reasoning behind the organization and that is to offer quality types of assistance to people in general with decline costs and insignificant dangers on the legislature. In such manner, the open private organization is outfitted towards making the social elements and instruments that will upgrade the working of the common society, in this way, set up a superior rendering of the open goods.3 However, the connection between the general population and the private are most certainly not... A few types of exchanges have been built up inside the boundaries set by PPP and some of which are assemble own ââ¬operate, purchase fabricate work and others. In any case, paying little mind to the structure of the built up association what is fundamental is the reason behind the organization and that is to offer quality types of assistance to people in general with decline costs and negligible dangers on the administration. In such manner, the open private organization is outfitted towards making the social elements and components that will improve the working of the common society, in this manner, set up a superior rendering of the open products. Be that as it may, the connection between general society and the private are not simply changed by the marvel of PPP, it has additionally been re-formed by headways in innovation. Headways in data and PC innovation (ICT) have colossally influenced all parts of society incorporating the in which the administration render its administrations to the populace. Individuals currently request quality assistance from the administration, like the administrations given by the private division. ICT advancements have enhanced the idea of administration by demonstrating the vehicle wherein day in and day out client support is accessible to people in general. This improvement is a much needed development as it gives the scene where the legislature can arrive at the populace and the other way around whenever, anyplace.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Economics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Financial aspects Coursework - Essay Example Moderateness of the clients: As home loans have gotten less exorbitant, the reasonableness of a normal resident has hence picked up development. In addition, contracts are more promptly accessible than previously and hence a purchaser is bound to benefit himself an advance and increment his general arrangement of decisions. Hence bringing about an expansion in the interest move of the purchaser. (Neate, 2013) b. Downturn: The weights have twofold effect on the interest shifts. Not just it has diminished the buying intensity of a buyer however it has likewise removed numerous arrangements of decisions where an individual used to contribute. As downturn is near, the majority of the ventures are seen as less secure while these are additionally not expected to gain exceptional yields. In this manner, potential financial specialists, particularly the huge ones glance at lodging as a protected road for speculation as the profits that it procures are very steady while the capital increases are likewise a piece of the venture. This additionally impacts the interest bend to move on its right side and increment the general interest of the house possessing. (Neate, 2013) (Oââ¬â¢sullivan, 2008) c. Crowd Sentiment: It will be noticed that the development of house costs has as of now grown out of the pace of development in the advances stretched out as home loans. Such just uncovers a point that the overall population is following the pattern. This can be because of reasons, for example, the dread of swelled home costs after the blast that these costs have gotten. In addition, its motivation may likewise be as those financial specialists who have looked it as a brilliant chance of capital increases and therefore making a counterfeit air pocket of cost swelling that will at some point or another burst out. (Rowley, 2013) d. Desires: As costs have flooded up so are the desires for the individuals. As proposed in an ongoing article, the expense of normal home may go up by 50 ,000 pounds over the span of the following multi year. Also, remembering the suppositions, the governmentââ¬â¢s late move to give intrigue let loose advance to 600,000 pounds has just moved the pattern further and have indeed offered raise to the requests of the majority. (Lambert, 2013) If we guide our consideration toward the elements that have may have affected the flexibly side of the UKââ¬â¢s house possessing wonder, the most significant factor that snatches has moved the gracefully bend incorporates the effect of fares whose disillusioning exhibition has affected the gracefully side of the previously mentioned marvel. From that point forward, the administration has concentrated increasingly more on flexibly side by empowering the development of more houses. In addition, the loan specialists have been too merciful towards purchasers as well as towards the dealers also, since by supporting them in financing their activities they are pushing the gracefully bend too, which f or this situation is toward its right. In an ongoing move, the administration propelled subsidizing plan which permitted banks to profit themselves economical financing that permitted the bringing down of the loan fees whose effects were additionally observed on the interest side. (Rowley, 2013) 2. As should be obvious in the table underneath that the benefits will increment to 40,000 pounds if the passage is diminished from 10 pounds to 8 pounds: Fare Demand Total Revenue New Cost Profit 8 6 480 440 40 10 4 400 410 - 10 12 3 360 400 - 40 (Oââ¬â¢sullivan, 2008) a. The following are the counts required if there should be an occurrence of value elasticityââ¬â¢s of interest by the midpoint equation strategy just as rate change
Monday, August 10, 2020
SIPA Washington, D.C. Career Conference COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog
SIPA Washington, D.C. Career Conference COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Each year the SIPA Office of Career Services hosts a Career Fair in Washington, D.C. It is a two day event featuring panel discussions, a reception, and a day dedicated to informational interviews in the D.C. area. The Office of Alumni Affairs also is involved in planning the event and helps to ensure strong alumni participation. Dan Perez is a SIPA student that attended the event who volunteered to write about his experience. The Washington D.C. Career Conference was a superb event and was incredibly helpful for my ongoing internship search. The first day of the event was broken out into four different information sessions organized by career sector. I attended four sessions that day, including National Security, Consulting, Capitol Hill / Govt, and Research / Advocacy. In all four cases, the panels were well organized with alumni showing breadth of experience in those sectors. During each session, the alumni discussed their current positions, a bit about their time at SIPA and how the two were related. In all cases, they were very open about how SIPA had positively influenced their career prospects. Each session concluded with some spare time to approach the alumni individually, ask more specific questions and inquire about ongoing opportunities. The first day was capped by a reception held at the glamorous Four Seasons Hotel in the Georgetown neighborhood of D.C. With more than a hundred alumni in attendance, it provided opportunities for mingling both with new alumni and those at the earlier sessions. I followed up with an alumnus from Bearing Point from the session and asked him in-depth questions about the companys work and culture. I met younger alums only a year out of SIPA whom confessed of their longing to be back in New York City. I also talked with older alums who provided a great outlook on the D.C. job market and how great a time it was to enter government service. The second day of the conference provided time for scheduled informational interviews as well as previous site visits. I utilized the time to reach out to two alumni, one from my previous employer, the other from the Office of Management and Budget in the White House. In both cases, the alumni were very eager to chat about their careers as well as to catch up at current developments at SIPA. I left the conference very renewed in my job search.
Saturday, May 23, 2020
Racism in Todays Society - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1448 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? Racism is such a big topic in our world it has always been a big problem, but as time progressed it has become worse with different cases of Hispanic families being separated at the border and children being thrown in ââ¬Å"cagesâ⬠and treated like animals. Young African American kids are getting shot for being wrongfully perceived as having a weapon. Police officers are just shooting first and asking questions later. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism in Todays Society" essay for you Create order Society is being filled with so many negative situations that a lot of people put off and do not deal with or address because we are all divided. It is such a sensitive topic because it is happening to certain races and it seems like they are being targeted. Racial profiling and racism is a common issue in minority families. There are so many stories over the years of people getting wrongfully shot for supposedly having a gun when in reality they did not have nothing, and most they obeyed the police but still lost their lives. False gun identification should not be taken lightly because the police are killing African American teens are getting away with a light sentence or even having no jail time. In The Atlantic an article written by Olga Khazan she states that, ââ¬Å" In a year, over 57,375 people lost their life to police violenceâ⬠(Khazan 1). In just a year so many people have died due to police shootings, that is including all the races. Police are starting to have a bad reputation because of the way they do their job. Such as shooting first and asking questions later which causes pain and heart break from the families that have lost a loved one from false accusations. Khazan states that African American males are more likely to get shot by police officers. She states, ââ¬Å"According to se veral different studies, black men aged 15ââ¬â34 are between nine and 16 times more likely to be killed by police than other people. In 2017, police killed 19 unarmed black males, down from 36 in 2015, according to The Washington Postâ⬠( Khazan 2). This estimate is from 2017, imagine when 2018 is over and they would have done all the statistics for it. Most of the police that are shooting first and thinking later are getting little to no time in jail due to either the judge or the jury just not finding them guilty of their crime. We should be taking different precautions when it comes to arresting and shooting someone because they think they have a weapon. There are so many stories of wrongful deaths with police officers. When will people realize things should change? We should be figuring out solutions for this ongoing problem such as, going straight to your taser instead of going straight to your gun. Taser is a safer option and people would come out alive. In a recent event at a mall in Alabama there was a mall shooting. The night of Thanksgiving 2018 Semantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr an African American man was wrongfully shot by the police in the mall on the night of thanksgiving 2018. For being thought of as the active shooter for having a gun. An 18 year old boy and 12 year old girl were also shot due to the real gun man shooting them. In an article, Black Man Killed by Officer in Alabama Mall Shooting Was not the Gunman, Police Now Say by Mihir Zaveri went into detail on this tragic event. He stated, ââ¬Å" the police said uniformed officers who were providing security at the mall ââ¬Å"encountered a suspect brandishing a pistol and shot him. It was not clear whether the officers believed Mr. Bradford fired or intended to fire before he was killedâ⬠( Zaveri 1). They did not even ask him to put the weapon down or put his hands up. It seems the police forgot the rights of a citizen, they are supposed to be saying. Where are th e head people that are incharge of the police because they need to be written up. Another source from a book, The Hate You Give by Angie Thomas based on a true story. Talks about a young African American girl and her best friend getting pulled over by a police officer and the cop makes him get out of the car and as the cop walks back to the car the boy reaches into the car to grab a brush as the girl is telling him not to. Then he gets shot right as he goes to brush his hair. He was claimed to have had a gun. ââ¬Å"When I was twelve, my parents had two talks with me. One was the usual birds and beesThe other talk was about what to do if a cop stopped me. â⬠¦ ââ¬Å"Starr-Starr, you do whatever they tell you to do, he said. Keep your hands visible. Dont make any sudden moves. Only speak when they speak to you. ( Thomas 20). At twelve years old she had a talk about what to do if a cop stopped her because of the color of her skin. She had to start being fearful from the age twelve . At the age of twelve she learned how to try to keep herself safe around a cop because if she did not learn she could get hurt. Migrant people are struggling to stay alive in their country so they come to America to seek safety and hope, but in return they get separated from their children and tear gas thrown at them like animals. An article in the NBC News called San Diego Border Crossing Shut Down After Migrants Try To Enter The U.S. by Annie Rose Ramos and Tim Stelloh. They talk about the San Diego border being shut down due to migrants trying to cross the border and it getting out of hand. They state, ââ¬Å"Customs and Border Protection said in a statement that it used tear gas and pepper spray after several migrants threw rocks at border agents, striking themâ⬠(Ramos and Stelloh 5). Border agents felt the need to bring tear gas in and start throwing it because they got hit with things. Adults could not handle things being thrown at them so they decided to tear gas and pepper spray families with children and elders in wheelchairs. Another article by Jorge Ramos, Children in Cages, a Symbol of Trump ââ¬â¢s America , talks about how migrant children are locked up in cages after being separated from their families at the border. The article also states, ââ¬Å"Trump has already backed away from this cruel directive, which was carried out at the southern border during the first weeks of his administrationââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"zero toleranceâ⬠immigration policy, but most of the 2,300 children taken from their families, most of whom come from Central American nations, have not yet been returned to their parentsâ⬠( Ramos 1). Trump is not building a good name for himself as every opportunity he has to help America improve he just ruins it and brings us lower. This kids that have done nothing wrong are being harassed and thrown into metal cages with water chips and a aluminum blanket with around 20 other different kids. If a parent was to do this it would be considered child abuse, but the government is doing this. In a video with a migrant mother trying to seek asylum at th e border got denied and had to seek asylum in Mexico. She was running away from a gang in El Salvador that tried to kill her son. She traveled 3,000 miles through 3 different countries. In the video she said, ââ¬Å" We dont want to be deported, we want to workâ⬠( Reyes). They want to start a better life for their families people claim they steal our jobs but they take the jobs that people do not want to do. If people want jobs they should get off their high horse and take those jobs then. They are hard working people and are coming here to start something new for their lives and their childrens lives. Racism is such a big part of our world and it seems like its so hard for people to get past it. It usually has to do with generations of families teaching it to each other. Around the world a lot of minorities face obstacles just because of the color of the skin. No matter what color or race you are we all discriminate and if we do not stop thinking like this our world will be more divided as time goes on. African American and Hispanic people face struggles everyday with dealing with racism these cases stated in this essay is what is going on right now in the world. Our world is never gonna heal from this is we do not start fixing this.
Tuesday, May 12, 2020
Roman Architecture Architecture And Structure - 1753 Words
Alecia Alexander Professor Ellin Iselin 419560 2010 Jun 09 Roman Architecture and Structure Roman architecture followed the heritage of earlier Greek architects. The Romans had respect for the Greek s architectural traditions, order, and design. The Romans were innovators that had the adaptability to use and improve existing techniques as well as new and existing material to create some of the most famous architectural structures like the temple, triumphal arch, and amphitheater. As time advanced so did the society needs of the Romans and with the support of state funds they were able to create great architectural structures many of which are still present today. The Romans followed the classical orders established by the Greeks but alsoâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦You can see this for example on the front of the Pantheon where its columns remain attached to the building even though they can be removed. Another great example of how the Romans wanted the structures to have a traditional feel is on the walls of the Colosseum, were the columns are attached to the walls and floors as decoration. You can also recognize the Greek influence on Roman architecture in buildings such as the Roman baths, where the first evidenced bath was located in Magna Garcia established by the Greek colonies. During the Augustan period there was a outpouring of new buildings that included the use of finer materials like marble. The buildings also advanced in design and size. In that time Roman buildings were considered strong and superior to any other architectural structure across the Empire. The Romans were able to take ideas such as bath structures, arches, and domes, push them to their fullest potential in design. Soon the Romans had major influence on craftsmen who integrated Roman architectural ideas and their use of materials. The Romans were known for their innovative use of materials and techniques. Marble was popular and considered the preferred stone to use in building projects. Taking into account how high transportation cost were during that time,
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Gardnerââ¬â¢s Theory on Seven Intelligences Free Essays
Gardnerââ¬â¢s intelligence theory comes from a book he wrote and published titled Frames of Mind (1983). Gardnerââ¬â¢s theory on the seven intelligences was quickly adapted by the educational and training fields to help educators and trainers to understand personalities, intelligence, and learning styles. This has enabled educators and trainers to narrow in on how to teach and grasp the attention of all their students and trainees. We will write a custom essay sample on Gardnerââ¬â¢s Theory on Seven Intelligences or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whereas encouraging and motivating them by understanding how they learn and the best way to teach them. Gardnerââ¬â¢s theories and concepts are aids to understanding overall personalities and strengths. These theories and concepts are all easily understood and can be incorporated into almost any educational or training situation, to better assist in the education and training process. Sometimes combining more than one intelligence helps in finding the best way to educate and train individuals all over the world. Linguistic Intelligence is the intelligence of language or words, when you learn by writing the information down, or when you absorb information my hearing words this is all a form of Linguistic Intelligence. When you form images in your mind when learning or you have to picture what is being taught in your head this is part of the Spatial Intelligence. When you learn by listening to music or if you absorb information better when music is playing this is the Musical Intelligence. Now when learning comes when you actually do what is being taught, hands on so to speak this is called the Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence. Interpersonal Intelligence is happening when a person can learn about a person or situation by the vibe they get from another person in the situation. Also when you learn better through interactions with others like group projects or having a study buddy this can be considered Interpersonal Intelligence. When you rely on self to learn, by understanding your own feelings and interest this is the Intrapersonal Intelligence. People that use Intrapersonal Intelligence are usually independent learners. Now with Logical Mathematical Intelligence you learn by patterns and reasoning, often needing facts to solve problems, also with learning things need to make sense or be logical. Out of the Seven Intelligence Theories produced by Howard Gardner I believe that Linguistic and Bodily- Kinesthetic are the two that are most dominate in my life. When I learn or am trying to absorb information. I have to hear the words and follow along with the written words when possible. So I download audio files of my text books and take good notes, and when I go over my notes I always read them out loud. As with the Bodily- Kinesthetic Intelligence, I see this come through when I write information that I am trying to learn this ties into my Linguistic Intelligence, because I not only need to see and hear my work, I have to physically write it down. The motion of the writing and picturing the words in my mind, I always find it easier to retain information. In studying Gardnerââ¬â¢s theories on intelligences I have so much about helping myself to learn more effectively and efficiently. How to cite Gardnerââ¬â¢s Theory on Seven Intelligences, Papers
Saturday, May 2, 2020
Visual Flight Rules Samples for Students â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about the Differences Of Visual Flight Rules. Answer: Introduction Visual Flight Rules are used to protect pilots without instruments in the aircraft from accidents, flying too high or under unclear weather conditions (Bergqvist 2016). The rules are used when there are no clouds obstructing the aircraft thus; the pilot spends most of the time looking outside the aircraft therefore controlling the aircraft using visual aid or references and not instruments. It is common for VFR to be applied by private pilots when flying in clear and visible weather conditions. Instrument Flight Rules on the other hand (IFR) are commonly used by pilots in unclear weather conditions and require the aid of instruments to control the aircraft when flying. Pilots can use the IFR without any visual assistance or reference (Taylor 2007). A pilot flying under VFR may choose the path he wishes. It may be an easy straight line from the point of start to the ending point or destination and under Visual Metrological Conditions. When a pilot cannot meet the Visual Metrological C onditions under the VFR, a pilot with good skills will be sought to fly using IFR equipped airplane. Theoretically, a flight can be performed without any visibility from the beginning to the end of the flight by using IFR. VFR governs aircrafts in visual metrological conditions while IFR governs aircrafts in instrument metrological conditions. Unlike VFR, IFR requires higher level of training and understanding of the rules and procedures (Robson 2010). The pilot is more refined in skill in Instrument Flight Rules Visual Flight Rules. The procedure used in IFR is purely controlled by flight instruments where the pilot is directed by air traffic control to fly from one destination to another and land safely (Pearson 2003). The pilot controlling aircraft by VFR does not need traffic control to direct him. He simply uses his eyes to control the planes position in reference to the horizon. The pilot lands safely by VFR and the instruments are only used as backup. Differences of VFR and IFR The pilot manning the aircraft under the Visual Flight Rules needs to have good visibility to enable him to go into the fog or clouds. He will also require minimal apparatus in the aircraft unlike IFR where he will be required to use instruments to enable him operate under bad weather conditions (Mccoll 2006). The pilot using Visual Flight Rules does not need specialized training, he only needs basic training to enable him fly the aircraft. Neither does he need supervision when manning the aircraft which is needed under IFR from the air traffic control. The pilot under VFR may choose to have a flight plan which in most cases is optional and is only used when the pilot goes missing. Instrument Flight Rules require an air traffic controller to maintain the separation of an aircraft from others. A thorough flight plan must be prepared in advance and used by the air traffic controller throughout the flight while keeping in contact with the radio. The pilot will receive a squawk code when handing over from one air traffic controller to another while giving information on what course and level to fly. The pilot needs IFR ratings that require some training and must meet the standards for IFR before handling any flight. Challenges of IFR When using the Instrument Flight Rules under the instrument meteorological conditions, the pilot must maintain a certain level of flight. The pilot must continually examine and scan the flight instruments and continue to make adjustments to maintain the flight level (Collins 2010). This situation becomes harder when the weather conditions are unclear and rough whereby the aircraft can bounce up and down making it challenging to maintain the flight level. Instrument Flight Rules, require that the pilot is assisted by a copilot in most cases. In the absence of a copilot, the task becomes more demanding and difficult (Australia 2013). Another challenge when using the Instrument Flight Rules is when the pilot has to keep communicating with air traffic control. The reason for this contact is because the pilot is unable to see outside window due to the rough weather conditions and therefore, relies on the air traffic control to assist the pilot keep away from the traffic that may be existent in the cloudy skies (Aarons 2013). As a result, it could turn out to be a burden to one pilot who has to manage the communication with the air traffic control and operation of the instruments. However, when there are two pilots in the cockpit, one may be scanning for traffic while the other pilot can focus on flying the aircraft. Navigating will also add to the pilots work load when flying in the clouds. The arrival of GPS has assisted pilots to navigate in the clouds reducing the work load needed to navigate using ground visual landmarks (Bergqvist 2016). However, when the GPS is unavailable, pilots prefer to use radio kind of navigation. This navigation requires using airways and radio beacons to navigate. The pilot may have a difficult time and additional work load when operating the radio alone. However, in multi-cockpit crew, the co-pilot can assist to track the airways. Radio based navigation is often used to flying approaches in which radio beacons are used. These radio beacons are more delicate in the instrument landing systems that require sustaining more accuracy on the glide path adding more work load to the pilot (Domogala, 2005). Conclusion Flying requires a set of rules to assist the pilot to operate the aircraft while on air. VFR and IFR rules assist the pilot to fly and land safely on the ground. In VFR flying, visual references assist a pilot to see the horizon and ground in order to maintain a straightforward flight level. At the same time, the pilot will require ground references to help him in navigation and avoidance of terrain. In IFR flying, the pilot depends on flight instruments to indicate altitude, position, attitude and any other information that may be relevant. It is crucial for the pilot to acquire the necessary skills (instrument rating) as he will require to fly by use of instruments only with very little or no aid of visual instruments. Apart from the specialized skill that the pilot will require to fly using the IFR, he will also require manpower through air traffic control that will direct him to land safely. The pilot under IFR, has additional workload because he has to man both the aircraft and the air traffic by use of six instruments that require frequent scans from the pilot. As IFR governs aircrafts in IMC, the pilot will require to be vigilante in attention and accuracy to enable him fly carefully. Pilots need proficiency in making decisions that determine the weather because VFR may be used in clear weather conditions that do not require the aid of instruments. IFR may be used in unclear and rough weather conditions. A flight may be necessary under VFR especially when the pilot goes missing. A co-pilot may be necessary in IFR to assist pilot with the instruments in the rough weather conditions. References AARONS, R. N. (2013). VFR into a mountain: sun glare contributes to disastrous illusion.Business and Commercial Aviation.109. AUSTRALIA. (2013).International Fleet Review: Sydney, Australia, 3-11 October 2013. [Sydney], [Department of Defence]. BERGQVIST, P. (2016). Rocking it VFR.Flying. COLLINS, R. L. (2010).VFR communications. Batavia, Ohio, Sporty's Academy. DOMOGALA, P. (2005). General aviation in Australia: the VFR pilots.Controller.44, 14-15. MCCOLL, K. B. (2006).Aviation meteorology unscrambled: for vfr and ifr operations certificates and ratings. [Place of publication not identified], Mccool. OATMEDIA INTERACTIVE LEARNING, OXFORD AVIATION TRAINING. (2008).Communications: VFR communications, IFR communications. Shoreham, Transair (UK) Ltd. PEARSON, D. C. (2003). "VFR Flight Not Recommended": a study of weather-related fatal aviation accidents (1995-2000).FAA Aviation News.42, 11-17. ROBSON, D., WADDELL, M., BUTTNER, H. (2010).Flight radio for pilots: VFR operations. Huntingdale, Vic, Aviation Theory Centre. TAYLOR, R. L. (2007).IFR for VFR pilots: an exercise in survival. Newcastle, Wash, Aviation Supplies Academic, Inc.
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